Abstract
Morphology is the part of linguistics that deals with the study or words, the structure, and the meaning. As morphology is concerned with word forms it is something to phonology (which describes how words are pronounced), it is also related to lexical studies as the patterns examined by morphology are used to create new words.Furthermore, it is also linked with semantics as it deals with the meanings of words.
Introduction
In this study, Morphology is the word and Syntax are how to structure the words. The words are structured by number of ways such as Word Formation Process, Word and Its Part: Roots, Affixes, and Their Shapes, A Word and its forms: Inflectional, A Word and Its Relatives: Derivational, and A Word and Its Structures. We will learn them all by introducing Morpheme meant the smallest part of word. In Morpheme, there will be meaningful/stem/rout and meaningless word or bound. For example, from the word unbelievable, we can divide it into three morphemes; un(meaningless), believe(meaningful), and able(meaningful). The morphemes called meaningless because they do not have meaning. And those which are called meaningful is the morphemes which have meaning.
Discussion
I. Word Formation Process.
Is how the words are formed.
a). Coinage: A new word made up from scratch to suit certain purposes. These are often invented by companies with a new product, processes, or taken from names.
Example: Honda
People call it Honda because it is the first and the most famous kind of motor known by them.
b). Borrowing: A new word formed by borrowing the word from another country.
Example: Piano
The word borrowed from Italy.
c). Compounding: A new word composed of two free morphemes to create a new meaning.
Example: Sunbathe
Created by sun(noun, means the star that the Earth moves around, which provides light and heat for the Earth, or the light or heat that the Earth receives from this star) and bathe(noun, means to swim, especially in the sea, a river or lake). Those free morphemes become Sunbathemeant sit or lay in the sun in order to make the skin darker.
d). Blending: it is similar to compounding, but we omit some letters in each word and it does not create a new meaning.
Example: Brunch
That word is created by Breakfast and Lunch which means we do eating in the late morning and early noon.
e). Clipping: is a word of more than one syllable reduced to a shorter form.
Example: Exam
The word Examination cut or clipped.
f). Back Formation:is a reduction process
Example: Babysit
The word created by reducing some letters in the back of Babysitter.
g).Conversion: is a change in function of a verb without changing its form.
Example: School
It is a ‘verb’ taken from ‘noun’; Mom schools her son.
h). Acronyms: is the first letter of a word group combined into single word.
Example: WWW
The word is created from World Wide Web.
i). Derivation:
Ø Prefixes: An additional letter/s in the front of the word.
Example: Misspelled (Additional Mis).
Ø Suffixes: An additional letter/s in the back of the word.
Example: Goodness (Additional ness).
j). Multiple processes: is the word created buy some processes above.
Example: Snowball
Taken from Snowball(compounding) and Snowball (Conversion).
II. Word and Its Part; Roots, Affixes, and Their Shapes.
a). Taking words apart: focus on the smaller parts of the word.
Example: Hearing (hear and ing)
b). Kinds of morpheme: bound versus free
Ø Bound: meaningless
Example: ly, er, en, ness, and so on.
Ø Free: meaningful
Example: White, Sky, Mouse, and etcetera.
c). Kinds of morpheme: root, affix, combining form
Ø Root: is the main meaning of the word.
Ø Affix
· Prefix: an additional letter/s in the front of the word
Example: Return (additional Re)
· Suffix: an additional letter/s in the back of the word
Example: Speechless(additional less)
Ø Combining form is a word combined by two words that can’t be spaced. If it does, it will have another meaning.
Example: Facebook
Can’t be written facebook that will produce another meaning).
d). Morphemes and Their allomorphs: is a word known by how it’s pronounced differently.
Example: Cats
Cats are known as plural due to the pronunciation is added by s in the last spelling.
e). Identifying morphemes independently of meaning:
Allomorphs or re meansagain.
Example: Rewrite, revisit, and so on.
The morpheme re means again or backward movement.
v Same root with different meaning.
Example: Return (to come or go back to a previous place)
· Hanif left Bandung at the age of 10 and has never returned.
· I have to re-turn the ball on the ring.
III. A Word and Its form: Inflectional
The words change in form without changing its part of speech
a). Words and grammar: lexemes, word forms and grammatical words
Words are changed according to the grammar
Example:
Ø Lexeme : Reduce (Base word)
Ø Word forms and grammatical words
· Reduces : added by -sfor subject she, he, and it
· Reduced : added by -ed for showing something that has already happened (past tense and/or perfect tense) and passive voice.
· Rreducing: added by-ing for showing something that is happening (progressive/continuous)
b). Regular and Iregular inflection
Ø Regular
A noun changes by adding s or es in the back due the number is more than one.
Example: Problem changes into Problems
Ø Irregular
A noun changes irregularly or not according to the rules by adding s or es.
Example: Mouse changes into Mice, Child changes into Children, Man changes into Men. And many others.
c). Forms of nouns
For regular nouns, the change of the word depends on the article in the front.
Example: A pencil changes into Two pencils.
For irregular noun, a total of noun is known by looking at the article before it and the linking verb after it (for passive voice)
Example:
· A fish was caught by my dad this morning.
· Ten fish were caught by my dad this morning.
Both nouns are fish in two sentences above. To identify which one is singular noun and plural noun, we have to focus on the article in the front and because they are passive voice it makes us easier by looking at the linking verb (to be). So the word ‘fish’ in the first sentence is one because A means one and the linking verb is was that said one thing. On the other way, it is a singular noun. And the second ‘fish’ is plural because it is clearly written ‘ten’ and the linking verb is werethat mean more than one.
d). Forms of pronouns and determiners.
The words are changed by looking at the pronoun and determiners.
Ø Pronouns
I, you, we, the, she, he, and it.
Example:
[1] I pull the blanket.
[2] Bagas pulls the blanket.
In example [2] the word pull changes into pulls because the pronoun is the other kind he that must be added s for the verb.
Ø Determiners
· The articles: an, a, the
Example: An apple
· Possesive nouns
Example: Amanda’s, my brother’s
· Possesive pronoun: his, your, their, my, her, and so on.
Example: His promise
· Numbers: one, two, and so on.
Example: Two smartphones.
· Indefinite pronouns: few, more, each, every, either, all, both, some, any, and etcetera.
Example: Few minutes
· Demonstratives: this, these, that, those, and such.
Example: Those books
e). Forms of verbs: words are created according to the tenses and subject.
· Basic form : Kick
· Past tense : Kicked
· Progressive participle : Kicking
· Perfect or passive voice : Kicked
· Third person singular(present tense) : Kicks
f). Forms of adjectives: the word changes by adding er for comparative and est for superlative.
Example:
· Clear changes into clearer for comparative
· Clear changes into clearestfor superlative.
IV. A Word and Its Relatives: Derivational
a). Relationships between lexeme: the words change in form and part of speech.
Example: Perform into Performance
Perform is a verb changes into Performance functioned noun.
b). Word classes and conversion: how adjectives can be derived from nouns, nouns from verbs, and so on.
Example: Sing changes into Singing. (Singing is my hobby)
A verb changes into a noun by adding –ing.
c). Adverbs derived from adjectives
Example: Beautifully
The word is added by –ly from the base word beautiful.
d). Nouns derived from Noun
Ø ‘small X’: -let, -ette, -ie
Example: droplet, cigarette, doggie
Ø ‘female X’: -ess, -ine
Example: princess, heroine
Ø ‘inhabitant X’: -er, -(i)an
Example: New Yorker, Mexican
Ø ‘state of being an X’: -ship, -hood
Example: Friendship, motherhood
Ø ‘devotee of or expert on X’: -ist, ian
Example: Marxist, Magician
e). Nouns derived from members of other word classes
Ø -ity: equality
Ø -ness: tallness
Ø -ism: conservatism
Ø -ance, -ence: ignorance, reference
Ø -ment: announcement
Ø -ing: singing
Ø -((a)t)ion: confusion
Ø -al: arrival
Ø -er: painter
f). Adjectives derived from adjectives
Example: Uneatable
That word is added by un from the word eatable and both are adjectives.
g). Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
Example: The party-goers sounded very drunk.
In that sentence, the word ‘drunk’belongs to a distinct lexeme here is confirmed by its special meaning ‘intoxicated through drinking alcohol’.
Not predictable from the meaning of the verb ‘drink’.
h). Verbs derived from verbs
Example: Untie
The word ‘untie’is made by adding un from the base word ‘tie’
i). Verbs derived from members of the other word classes
Example: Deforest
That word is created from the base word forest as noun into verb by adding de.
V. Compound Words, Blends, and Phrasal Words
a). Compounds versus phrases
Ø Compound is a word which combines two or sometimes more different words. Often, the meaning of the compound cannot be discovered by knowing the meaning of the different words that form it.
Example: Bodyguard (from the words body and guard, does not create a new meaning)
Ø Phrase is a short group of words which are often used together and have a particular meaning.
Example: Sunbathe (from the word sun and bathe, creates a new meaning)
b). Compound verb:
v A combination of verb and verb or other word classes.
v Verb is located in the right.
Example:
Ø Verb-verb : freezy-dry
Ø Noun-verb : hand-wash
Ø Adjective-verb : dry-clean
Ø Preposition-verb : outrun
c). Compound adjectives
v A combination of adjective and adjective or the other word classes
v Adjective is located in the right
Example:
Ø Noun-adjective : sky-high
Ø Adjective-adjective : red-hot
Ø Preposition-adjective : overactive
d). Compound noun
v A combination of noun and noun or the other word classes
v Noun is located in the right
Example:
Ø Verb-noun : swearword
Ø Noun-noun : hairnet
Ø Adjective-noun : greenhouse
Ø Preposition-noun : outpost
e). Headed headless compound
· Headed: The meaning focuses on the compound / the word in the right
Example: Dog house (kind of houses)
· Headless: It creates a new meaning.
Example: Faintheart (it’s not a kind of heart, but this means a person who has timid or reserved nature.
f). Blends and acronyms
· Blends: product new word from two of more words and cut some letters.
Example: Smog (blended from the wordssmoke and fog)
· Acronyms: create a new word by taking the first letter of each word or the initial.
Example: UK (created from the words United Kingdom)
g). Compounds containing bound combining forms
Example: anthropology
Anthro- ‘human’ plus –logy ’science or study’
The whole meaning is ‘science or study of human beings’
h). Phrasal words: is the combination of verb and adverb or adjective or both.
Example: brother-in-law
Brother, is modified by the prepositional phrase ‘in law’
When it’s plural, additional s is put in the word law, not to the word brother or subject.
Conclusion
Learning English Morphology and Syntax brings in so many advantages especially for academic students because this study explains in detail how the words are created. In word formation is talking where the words are made from. The additional prefix and suffix are taught in the second chapter named a words and its part. In the next case found a study about inflection or how the word changed in form but not in part of speech or word class. If the part of speech is changed, it is called derivation. And in the end, it teaches us compound words, blends, and phrases words which explain how its words combined and blended.
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